Characters.get('e', 0) tells python to search for The true secret 'e' within the dictionary. If it is not identified it returns 0. Because That is the first time 'e' is passed from the loop, the character 'e' isn't present in the dictionary yet, And so the get approach returns 0. https://cashnrrpn.theobloggers.com/42781175/the-best-side-of-order-copyright-vape-pen-usa